1. Be aware of the importance of vocabulary throughout the test. All of the questions will use specific terms that were used in the areas that have been studied this semester. Terms describing osmosis, evolution, biochemistry, genetics, mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle, cell structure and function, environment, etc. Be sure to review your notes, and text, to refresh your memory as to the definition and contextual usage of each of the terms from each of the areas covered.

2. Be able to interpret data presented in scenario form containing text, drawings, graphs or charts.

Example:

-Identifying the parts of things.

-Charts that contain specific information about some function of a living thing that requires interpreting.

-Using graphics (pictures) to describe a function that is to be identified.

-The effect of osmosis on a cell placed in varying concentrations of salt solutions.

3. Be able to analyze scientific data presented in various forms and draw conclusions from the results.

Example:

-Scenario describing the location of ocean organisms in the water column and their relationship to one another.

-What are autrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs	Heterotrophs
cyanobacteria & plants	mushrooms

4. Be able to identify conditions necessary to run a controlled experiment.

a. What is a variable?

b. What are the appropriate units used to measure objects?

-grams

-meters

-liters

-deci, centi, milli, micro

c. What are the appropriate scientific instruments used to measure amounts?

-beakers

-test tubes

-graduated cylinders

-scale

-protective eyeware (goggles)

5. Be able to answer questions about the use of a microscope. Specifically, the size of objects and inversion.

6. Be able to solve several problems that involve hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic osmotic situations and gradient movement.

Example:

-water plant with high concentration of salt in its roots.

-What affect does it have on water movement in and out of the plant?

7. Be able to solve problems that involve the use of natural selection in understanding how organisms evolve.

Example:

The changes in the structure of the foot in a population of birds.

The changes in the shell coloration pattern in a snail population

Natural selection was Darwin's contribution to biology.

• Explore the Theory of Evolution
• A History of Evolutionary Theory
• Evolution and Adaptation

a. What is an adaptation?

8. Be able to identify the major differences between prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plants and animals). Know the names of the cell structures (mitochondria, ER, etc.) and their functions.

Example:

a. Cell membrane-a phospholipid bilayer that separates the contents of the cell from the external environment.

b. Mitochondria-What is the reason that the number of mitochondria vary from one cell to another? Cellular respiration takes place and energy (ATP) is produced here.

(1). Respiration occurs in the mitochondria and the process starts in the cells cytoplasm and specifically uses glucose.

• (2). Oxygen is important for the breakdown of glucose for energy.
  • C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---------> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36ATP

  (3). Oxygen is a waste product in the process of photosynthesis.

  • 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

  (4). Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration.

  • Mitochondria
  • Glycolysis
  • Respiration

c. Chromosomes-determines heredity

d. Chloroplasts-photosynthesis occurs at these organelles

• Chloroplast
• Photosynthesis

e. Ribosomes-where proteins are made

• Role of the ribosome
• Ribosome-Structure and Function

f. Vacuole-where various substances are stored

g. Cilia-small hair-like projections used by cells for movement

h. Flagellum-long whip-like projections used by cells for movement

i. Pseudopodia-literally "false feet" used for movement by some cells

j. The number of cells produced when divisions occur every 20 minutes.

k. The hierarchy of cells to organisms:

cells - tissues - organs - organ systems - organisms 

l. How do these organelles function together in cellular processes?

• Basic Cell Biology

m. What factors limit cell size?

• How big..?
• Why Most Cells are Small

 9. Be able to identify the stages and what happens at each phase of MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, and the CELL CYCLE.

Example:

Inter, Pro(chromosomes appear), Meta, Ana, Telo

Pro I (crossing over)-Pro II, etc.

M phase,G1,G2,S phase (replication)

a. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Does meiosis occur in asexual reproduction?

b. What is the difference between diploid and haploid number?

c. What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes?

10. Be able to relate the production of energy in living things to a molecule of ATP.

11. Be able to describe and identify the characteristics of an enzyme and its operational parameters.

Example:

-temp.

-pH

-concentration

12. Be able to explain and describe the physical characteristics of water molecules.

Example:

-polarity

-pH and the pH scale (acid/base)

-universal solvent

13. Be able to identify the the properties of biochemical monomers and polymers (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids).

a. carbohydrates-monosaccharides (CHO), 2 to 1 ratio C to H, energy source

b. lipids-glycerin & fatty acids (CHOP), fat storage of energy, phospholipids (cell membranes)

c. proteins-amino acids (CHONS), enzymes, informational molecules

d. nucleic acids-nucleotides (CHONP), DNA and RNA, informational molecules

14. Be able to describe the structure and function of the DNA, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA and the processes of transcription and translation.

Examples:

a. Being able to complement a segment of DNA into RNA.

b. Ribosomes are used to synthesize a protein.

c. Rules of complementarity

• A - T
• C - G
• A - U

d. The components of a DNA or RNA nucleotide

DNA

Sugar-deoxyribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen base

RNA

Sugar-ribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen base

e. What is the result of a change in a sequence of bases (gene) in DNA?

Example:

-mutation

-an alteration in the amino acid sequence in a protein

f. What is cloning? What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

g. What is biotechnology and gene splicing?

15. Be able to identify the significance of Darwin's theory concerning the evolution of life on earth.

16. Be able to identify the processes of respiration, chemosynthesis and photosynthesis. Be able to explain the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration. Be able to identify the reactants and products of both processes and the organelles in which they occur.

Examples:

a. Respiration occurs in the mitochondria and the process starts in the cells cytoplasm and specifically uses glucose.

b. Oxygen is important for the breakdown of glucose for energy.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ ---------> CO₂ + H₂O

c. Chemosynthesis food is produced using energy from inorganic compounds.

d. Oxygen is a waste product in the process of photosynthesis.

CO₂ + H₂O ---------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

e. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration.

f. Autotrophs and heterotrophs

17. Be able to use Mendelian terms to identify the characteristics of specific phenotypes and genotypes (homozygous, recessive, etc.). Be able to do specific genetic problems involving monohybrid dominant-recessive crosses, monohybrid codominant crosses, dihybrid crosses, carrier crosses, and sex-linked crosses. Be able to identify the ratios and percentages produced by mono and dihybrid crosses.

• Mendelian Genetics concepts and Animations 1 through 14
  • a. What are the genotypes of males and females?
    • Males XY
    • Females XX

    b. What do the following terms mean and how are they used in genetics problems?

    • genotype-the types of genes an organism contains
      • -(T-tall, t-short)
    • phenotype-the physical appearance of an organism as the result of the genotype.
    • homozygous-having alleles that are the same.
    • heterozygous-having alleles that are different.
      • -(T genotype-tall phenotype t short phenotype)

    c. What is the genetic disease sickle-cell anemia and how is it inherited?

    d. What is Down's Syndrome? What is trisomy of chromosome 21?

    e. How are red-green colorblindness and hemophilia inherited?

18. Be able to relate the operation of the ecosystem to biospheres, communities, producers, consumers, food chains, and food webs.

Examples:

a. What is the major function of decomposers in the environment? What is the major function of producers in the environment?

b. Be able to use a food web to determine the interrelationships between organisms in the environment.

Example:

(1). predation-One of the biological interactions that can limit population growth; occurs when organisms kill and consume other living organisms.

(2). mutualism- A form of symbiosis in which both species benefit. A type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit. The classic example is lichens, which is a symbiosis between an alga and a fungus. The alga provides food and the fungus provides water and nutrients.

(3). parasitism- A form of symbiosis in which the population of one species benefits at the expense of the population of another species (host); similar to predation, but differs in that parasites act more slowly than predators and do not always kill the host. A type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other, for example a fungus living in the body of a live moth caterpillar.

(4). competition-One of the biological interactions that can limit population growth; occurs when two species vie with each other for the same resource.

(5). scavenger-An animal, bird, or other organism that feeds on dead or rotting flesh, or discarded food scraps.

c. Which organism in the environment is the basis of the food supply on earth?

d. What is the heirarchy of the ecosystem?

population - biome - ecosystem - biosphere

e. What is an example of a food chain?

grain - chicken - man

f. What is the heirarchy (food pyramid) of energy producers and consumers in the environment?

producers - plants

primary consumers - herbivores

secondary consumers - carnivores

decomposers - bacteria

g. What foods do herbivores, carnivores and omnivores eat?

19. BCRs

a. The affects of salt water on a freshwater plant.

b. The use of a contractile vacuole by a single-celled organism in a freshwater pond.

c. The differences between DNA and mRNA.

d. The equipment needed to perform a Benedict test.

e. Compare the functions of the chloroplast and mirochondria.

20. Be able to create a simple line graph using data from frog experiments.