"First, decide that the thing must be done; then find a way to do it."

-Abraham Lincoln

Course Calendar

Google Images Scholar

 

Introduction to 10 Biology

Selected response questions (SR)-standard multiple-choice questions with at least four foils.

Brief Constructed Response Questions (BCR)-these are short answer questions designed as single paragraph responses that take approximately 5 minutes to complete. They are graded using a 4 point rubric.

1. What are the components of the scientific process.? How is the process done? From determining the problem, through theorizing from hypotheses that have been supported by experimental data, these questions (scenario based) will test your knowledge of the process of science.

Examples:

SR a. What do scientists use as the ultimate test of the truth? In other words, what method is used to say that a hypothesis can't be disproven and must be accepted?

SR b. What is a hypothesis? Define it.

 

What kind of result must a hypothesis be able to demonstrate when it is tested?

SR c. What are the two specific types of errors that an investigator must be aware of in order to accurately do an experiment?

 

BCR Explain them with examples.

 

SR d. What part does observation play in planning and carrying out an experiment?

 

SR e. What is a variable? How many variables should be allowed to be a part of a well designed experiment? What is the independent variable in an experiment and what is the dependent variable?

 

SR f. What does it mean when an investigator says that they must, "control an experiment"? What is a control?

 

SR g. What is a theory? How are they developed?

 

2. What is acid rain and how is it produced?

a. What is pH and how does the number scale from 0-14 describe conditions of acid or base?

 

b. What does the pH system actually measure and why is the system important to any living organisms on earth?

3. What possible affect could acid rain have on developing frog eggs? Some Data Analysis from the web.

 

4. Interpret two experimental scenarios that use selected response questions to evaluate your understanding of the components of an experiment. One describes a girl's attempt to determine the effect of two different food products on mice and the other uses seeds to test a variable that affects the seed's germination and growth.

BCR 5. What is the "Glue Animal" demonstration and what does it say about the characteristics of life?

BCR a. What are the specific characteristics that determine if a thing is living or nonliving? List them.

 

6. Scenario-based

What is the affect of ultraviolet radiation on mutations in amphibians?

 

How would amphibian mutations affect the food chain and the interactive food web? What does a food web demonstrate? Define the following terms and be able to relate them to the organisms in a food web:

a. carnivore

b. herbivore

c. omnivore

d. consumer

e. producer

f. decomposer

g. first order consumer, second order consumer, etc. 

BCR 7. Explain the importance of peer review and replication of results in scientific investigations.

a. What is peer Review?

 

b. Why is the replication of the results in an experiment important as to the truth, or validity, of the data?

BCR 8. Why is it important to make the "Methods and Materials" portion of a scientific write-up very explicit and as easy as possible to understand?

 

a. How will an investigator use the Methods and Materials portion of a scientific experiment?

BCR 9. An experiment involving the use of a new drug on cancer cells is presented. You are asked to determine the next logical step in the scientific procedure and why you chose it.

 

a. What organisms would be used to test a new drug that might fight cancer?

BCR 10. A scientist is monitoring a population of fish-eating ospreys. He has found that a pesticide used by local farmers is in the body tissues of the birds and may be the cause of the decline in the osprey's numbers. The farmers can't understand how the birds acquired the pesticides when they don't live near their farms. You are asked to supply an answer for the biologist.

1. Be able to define the following terms and use them in context;

a. prediction

b. theory

c. conclusion

d. hypothesis

e. experiment

f. qualitative data.

g. quantitative data.

h. anecdotal data.

 2. What does pattern formation have to do with determining the validity of data?

3. How does prediction figure into verifying a hypothesis?

4. BCR How is the data collected in an investigation used to get at the "truth"? Is it possible to "prove" and investigation true?

Explain your answer in a few sentences describing what the scientific method actually provides the investigator and how it would be used to identify the "truth".

5. Be able to interpret if data kept about Brother Gregory's feet, and the weather patterns, verify or negate the hypothesis that was proposed in the investigation.

6. Be able to answer True/False questions about data that was recorded during investigations of the weather conditions versus the soreness of Brother Gregory's feet, and the weather when Brother Gregory's feet are eliminated, but the temperature and air pressure are the variables.

7. BCR There is a glaring error in the Brother Gregory presentation on scientific method. The error is in not having a control in the experiment. Explain the controls that should have been in the two experiments on the weather/sore feet and air pressure/temperature.

8. Be able to design an experiment from some observations and data that will be provided for you. The investigation will involve the effect of a substance on the boiling point of water.

---

Biochemistry Assessment Limits:

-Water (inorganic molecule, polarity, density, and solvent properties)

-Carbohydrates (organic molecule, morosaccharides are building blocks; supplier of energy and dietary fiber; structural component of cells; cell wall; cellulose)

-Lipids (organic molecule, component of cell membranes, stored energy supply)

-Proteins (organic molecule, amino acids are building blocks; structural and functional role, including enzymes)

-Nucleic Acids (organic molecule; nucleotides are building blocks- sugar, phosphate and nitrogen bases; DNA is a double helix; RNA is a single strand; DNA replication; DNA role in storage of genetic information)

-Minerals (inorganic molecule, essential for cellular processes)

-Vitamins (organic molecule; role in human body: C- wound healing; K- blood clotting; D -bone growth)

a. Recognize and explain that organisms use matter and chemical energy to synthesize a variety of organic molecules for obtaining, transforming, transporting, releasing, and eliminating matter and energy used to sustain the organism.

b. Recognize and describe that most cell functions involve chemical reactions in the breakdown, rearrangement, and synthesis of molecules from food.

c. Recognize and explain that all cells are made mostly from six common elements -C, H, O, N, P, S.

d. Recognize and explain that the configuration of atoms in a molecule determines the molecule's properties.

e. Recognize and describe that the shape of a molecule is particularly important in how large molecules interact with others.

f. Recognize and explain that water is an inorganic compound whose structure gives it properties important to life. . polarity of the molecule is responsible for its solvent properties

-effect of temperature on density of water and how changes in density affect living systems. . hydrogen bonding between water molecules leads to adhesion, cohesion, and capillary action.

g. Recognize and explain that

-macromolecules used by living things have a unique structure and function.

Carbohydrates

-An organic molecule

-Building block: a monosaccharide, such as glucose

-Supplies energy and dietary fiber; stores energy

- Structural component of cells

- Cellulose is a structural component of plant cell walls

Lipids

-An organic molecule

-Building block: alcohol molecule and one or more fatty acids

-Non-polar molecule

-Long term storage of energy

-Structural component of membranes

Proteins

-An organic molecule

-Building block of protein: amino acids

-specific order of amino acids determines shape of molecule

Structural and functional roles

-Structural component of cell membrane

-Catalyze and regulate molecular interactions

Enzymes

-lower activation energy

-encourage interactions of molecules with each other

-regulate cell activity

Role in cellular transport and identification of cell

 

Nucleic Acids

-An organic molecule

-Building block: nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

-DNA is a double helix that stores genetic information for assembling proteins and passing on genetic information

-DNA replication

-RNA is a single strand that contains instructions for protein synthesis

h. Recognize and explain that minerals are inorganic substances necessary for cellular processes.

i. Recognize and explain that vitamins are organic molecules necessary for cellular processes.

Vitamin C: needed for wound healing

Vitamin K: needed for blood clotting

Vitamin D: needed for bone growth

---

Chapter 7-Test #1: The Chemistry of Life

I. Molecules and Cells: Cells are the structural and functional units of life; cellular processes are based on physical and chemical changes.

A. Chemistry of Life

1. Define the following terms and be able to use them in context to answer questions:

element

atomic number

bond energy

electron

empirical formula

covalent

proton

structural formula

neutron

compound

ion

atomic weight

molecule

atom

organic

inorganic

2. Use and explain the Periodic Table of the Elements.

BCR What are periods and groups on the Periodic Chart? What is the common characteristic of the elements in the groups?

3. Use a chart of atomic numbers and atomic weights to determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an atom.

4. Explain the differences between organic chemistry and biochemistry.

5. Identify the 6 elements that make up 96% of living matter.

6. Explain polarity/nonpolarity and the chemical characteristics of water molecules.

7. How do the unique chemical and physical (solid, liquid and gas) properties of water make life on earth possible?

BCR What are hydrogen bonds? How do the hydrogen bonds affect the characteristics of water and its ability to dissolve substances?

8. Explain the characteristics of a carbon atom.

9. What is the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of life?

10. Be able to define covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds.

1. Define and be able to use the following terms in context to answer questions:

polysaccharide

cellulose

monosaccharide

disaccharide

amylose/starch

carbohydrates

glycerol/fatty acids

hydrolysis (digestion)

dehydration synthesis bonds (covalent bond fomation)

2.Be able to identify the characteristics and functions of carbohydrates:

BCR Compare and contrast the structure and function of carbohydrates and lipids.

-organic molecule

-monosaccharides are building blocks

a. Sugar

b. Glucose

-supplier of energy and dietary fiber

a. Cellulose

-structural component of cells

a. cell wall; cellulose

3.Be able to identify the characteristics and functions of lipids:

BCR What is the name of the molecule that forms a cell's membrane? How does the structure of this molecule allow it to form a cell's membrane?

-An organic molecule

-Building block: alcohol molecule and one or more fatty acids

a. Glycerol (alcohol)

b. Fatty Acids (stearic, oleic)

-Non-polar molecule

-Long term storage of energy

-Structural component of membranes

a. Phospholipid

4. Be able to relate the following qualities of molecules to carbohydrates and lipids:

a. Recognize and describe that most cell functions involve chemical reactions in the breakdown, rearrangement, and synthesis of molecules from food.

(1). Metabolism

-Anabolism-synthesis

-Catabolism-digestion (hydrolysis).

c. Recognize and explain that the configuration of atoms in a molecule determines the molecule's properties. Recognize and describe that the shape of a molecule is particularly important in how large molecules interact with others.

(1). Compare and contrast carbohydrates and lipids

1. Define and be able to use the following terms in context to answer questions:

amino acids

polypeptide

purine

pyrimidine

DNA

double helix

RNA

A-T-C-G (Adenine-Thymine-Cytosine-Guanine)

2. Describe and explain the chemical characteristics (monomers, bonds, conformation, etc.) of proteins and nucleic acids

a.How do structures of proteins and nucleic acids account for their functions?

b. How do temperature and pH affect proteins?

Example: Denaturation

c. Be able to match specific proteins with their function:

Example:

structural protein-collagen

transport protein-hemoglobin

storage protein-ovalbumin

defensive proteins-antibodies

protein catalysts-protein

3. Be able to identify the RASmole structures for the following molecules:

glycine

alanine

collagen

hemoglobin

DNA

4. Identify and explain the following chemical bond:

a. Peptide Bond

5. Describe and explain the function of these chemical components of nucleic acids:

nucleotides

purines

pyrimidines

6. Identify James Watson and Francis Crick as the co-discoverers of the DNA molecule's double helical structure.

7. Proteins

-An organic molecule

-Building block of protein: amino acids

-Specific order of amino acids determines shape of molecule

Structural and functional roles

-Structural component of cell membrane

-Catalyze and regulate molecular interactions

-Enzymes

-lower activation energy

-encourage interactions of molecules with each other

-regulate cell activity 

8. Nucleic Acids

-An organic molecule

-Building block: nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

-DNA is a double helix that stores genetic information for assembling proteins and passing on genetic information

-DNA replication

-RNA is a single strand that contains instructions for protein synthesis

1. Define and be able to use the following terms in context to answer questions:

a. transcription

b. translation

c. triplet

d. codon

e. anticodon

f. ribosome

g. DNA polymerases

h. RNA polymerases

i. DNA- 3'-5'

j. RNA 5'-3'

k. frame reading

BCR- What is the function of DNA? How does RNA assist DNA?

3. What is transcription and how does the process occur? What are the steps in the process?

4. Explain the process of translation. What are the steps in the process?

5. Complete worksheets, and online exercises, that demonstrate the processes of transcription and translation.

6. In what ways can genetic information be altered? What are some effects of these alterations?

7. Determine enzyme activity from graphs describing their actions in particular situations.

8. Be able to define and use the following terms to explain enzymes:

a. catalyst

b. surface catalyst

c. substrate

d. enzyme substrate complex

e. induced fit

f. active site

g. denature

h. cofactor

i. enzyme concentration

j. substrate concentration

BCR- What is an enzyme? How does an enzyme work and what factors influence its activity?

9. Be able to answer the following question related to enzyme activity:

a. What is an enzyme?

b. How do enzymes regulate the rate of chemical reactions?

c. How does the specificity of an enzyme depend on its structure?

d. How is the activity of an enzyme regulated?

e. What are the factors (temperature, pH, etc.) that influence the affect the action of enzymes? How do the factors affect enzyme actions?

f. What is an enzyme pathway and how are they organized?

g. What are the optimum conditions for the operation of an enzyme?

The Enzkin Project

10. Recognize and explain that minerals are inorganic substances necessary for cellular processes.

Fe, Na, Cl, Cu Mg.

11. Recognize and explain that vitamins are organic molecules necessary for cellular processes.

Vitamin C: needed for wound healing

Vitamin K: needed for blood clotting

Vitamin D: needed for bone growth

A. The student will demonstrate an understanding that all organisms are composed of cells which can function independently or as part of multicellular organisms. 

B. The student will explain processes and the function of related structures found in unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Assessment Limits

1.   transportation of materials (role of cellular membranes; role of vascular tissues in plants and animals; role of circulatory systems)

2.   waste disposal (role of cellular membrane; role of excretory and circulatory systems)

3.   movement (cellular &endash; flagella, cilia, pseudopodia; interaction between skeletal and muscular systems)

4.   feedback (maintaining cellular and organismal homeostasis - water balance, pH, temperature, role of endocrine system)

5.   asexual (binary fission, budding, vegetative, mitosis: role in growth and repair, chromosome number remains the same) and sexual reproduction (angiosperms, mammals)

6.   control of structures (cellular organelles and human systems) and related functions (role of nucleus including mitosis, role of sensory organs and nervous system)

7.   capture and release of energy (chloroplasts, mitochondria)

8.   protein synthesis (ribosomes) 

C. The student will conclude that cells exist within a narrow range of environmental conditions and changes to that environment, either naturally occurring or induced, may cause changes in the metabolic activity of the cell or organism.

Assessment Limits

1.   pH

2.   temperature

3.   light

4.   water

5.   oxygen

6.   carbon dioxide

7.   radiation (role in cancer or mutations)

8.   toxic substances (natural, synthetic)

A. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

1. What are their similarities and differences?

1. What are their similarities and differences between bacteria, plant and animal cells?

Bacteria-Plant-Animal

a. What type of a cell is a bacterium?

Kimball-What are bacteria?

b. What type of cells compose animals?

Kimball-Animal Cell

c. What type of cells compose plants?

Kimball-Plant Cell

2. What are their evolutionary interrelationships between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a. Endosymbiosis and the Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell

3. Be able to identify reasons for cells being small. Which are the smaller cells; prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

a. Why are Cells so small?  

4. What is the basic history of the discovery of the cell, and how are the following individuals involved?

a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek

b. Hooke

c. Schleiden and Schwann

d. Rudolf Virchow

• Historical Time line
• Basic Cell Biology

5. What is the Cell Theory?

• Cell Theory

B. Subcellular organization

What are bacteria?

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

• plant cell walls composed of cellulose

6. What is the cytoplasm and how does compartmentalization organize a cell's functions?

• Basic Cell Biology
• Cells and Cell Organelles
• Cell Biology

7. How are the structures of the various subcellular organelles related to their functions?

a. What is the structure and function of the cell membrane?

• Main Components of the Cell Membrane

b. What is the structure and function of the nucleus and nucleolus?

• Nucleus and Nucleolus
• The Cell Cycle

c. What is the structure and function of the mitochondria?

Animal Cell - Plant Cell

d. What is the structure and function of the chloroplast?

Animal Cell - Plant Cell

e. What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), ribosomes and lysosomes?

Animal Cell - Plant Cell

1.. What is the current model of the molecular architecture of membranes?

• Main Components of the Cell Membrane  

2. How does the structural organization of membranes provide for transport and recognition?

• Main Components of the Cell Membrane

3. How are proteins spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how do they contribute to membrane function?

• Main Components of the Cell Membrane

4. What are the principles involved in diffusion and osmosis?

• Osmosis

5. What are passive transport, active transport, and facilitated diffusion and how do they work?

• Cell Membrane

6. What are various mechanisms by which substances cross membranes?

• Cell Membrane

A. The student will be able to explain the correlation between the structure and function of biologically important molecules and their relationship to cell processes. 

B. The student will be able to compare the transfer and use of matter and energy in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms.

Assessment Limits

1.   water cycle (movement of water between living systems and the environment)

2.   carbon cycle (movement of carbon between living systems and the environment, cyclic relationship between photosynthesis and respiration)

3.   nitrogen cycle (roles of bacteria; human impact)

4.   photosynthesis (energy conversion: light, chemical; basic molecules involved)

5.   cellular respiration (distinctions between aerobic and anaerobic, energy released, use of oxygen; basic molecules involved in aerobic)

6.   chemosynthesis (from inorganic compounds)

7.   ATP (energy carrier molecule)

Return To Index

• What is the role of ATP in a cell's anabolic (synthesis) and catabolic (breakdown) processes?

• What is chemosynthesis?

  • Photosynthesis compared to Chemosynthesis

• How does photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical energy?

• How are the chemical products of the light-trapping reactions coupled to the synthesis of carbohydrates?

   

  1. In which metabolic pathway (photosynthesis or respiration) the following specific events occur?

  a. synthesis of ATP

   

  b. Fixing of CO₂ to make a monosaccharide.

   

  c. Splitting of a water molecule

   

  2. What are the products of the Light Reaction that are used in the Calvin Cycle (Dark Phase)?

   

  3. What are the primary functions of the Light Reaction in photosynthesis?

   

  4. What happens to light when it strikes and object that allows us to see color?

   

  5. List the end products of photosynthesis.

   

  6. Where in the chloroplast do the Light and Dark reactions occur?

   

  7. How has photosynthesis become the driving force on the planet that has allowed organisms to expand evolutionary strategies?

   

  8. What is the molecule used in photosynthesis that releases O₂?

   

  9. What are the functions of the Calvin Cycle (Dark Phase)?

   

• How are organic molecules broken down by catabolic pathways?

• What is the role of oxygen in energy-yielding pathways?

• How do cells generate ATP in the absence of oxygen?

• What interactions exist between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

   

   

   

  1. Define metabolism, catabolism and anabolism.

   

  2. Where does the process of cellular respiration occur?

   

  3. What components make up a metabolic pathway?

  •  

    4. What are the differences between aerobic (oxyen) and anaerobic (no oxygen) metabolic processes?

     

    5. What are the reactants and products of respiration?

    • C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ -----------> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 ATP

  ---

  Chap. 11: Cell Cycle-Mitosis-Meiosis

1. Be able to identify the purpose of mitosis and meiosis.

BCR - Draw the Cell Cycle and explain each of its time intervals.

The Cell Cycle

• Animal Cell Mitosis
  • a. The similarites and differences between the parent and daughter cells.
    • Examples:
      • DNA packed into chromosomes
      • number of chromosomes
      • cell volumes in parents and daughters

    b. Cancer is a cell division (mitosis) disease where cells divide at a faster than normal rate producing tumors.

  BCR - Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

• Meiosis Tutorial
  • a. The number of chromosomes that are found in gametes (sperm or egg) and in body (somatic) cells.
  • b. The importance of crossing over in meiosis I.
  • c. Meiosis produces four cells unlike mitosis which produces two cells.

2. Be able to match the following terms to their best definitions, or descriptions:

a. somatic cells

b. gametes

c. diploid number 2N (46)

d. haploid number N (23)

e. mitosis

f. meiosis

g. telophase

h. G2 phase

i. prophase

j. S phase

k. cytokinesis

l. metaphase

m. anaphase

n. G1 phase

o. zygote

3. Be able to calculate the number of cells that would be produced by mitosis over a period of time.

4. Be able to identify the fact that during prophase of mitosis that the DNA is in an "unorganized form."

5. Be able to identify the fact that a diploid organism is reproduced from haploid gametes.

6. Be able to draw the steps of the cell cycle and describe what happens at each of these steps. Be able to explain what happens at each phase of mitosis.

7. Be able to identify the fact that meiosis involves the reduction of the chromosome number in gametes by going through two cell divisions. Recognize that crossing over occurs during the Prophase I stage of meiosis.

8. Be able to identify the fact that the daughter cells produced from a parent cell in mitosis contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent, but half of the cytoplasm, or volume of the parent cell.

• ---

  Chapter 12 Test: Mendelian Genetics

1. How did Mendel's work lay the foundation of modern genetics?

2. Be able to explain that dominance, recessiveness, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance are the principal patterns of Mendelian inheritance?

3. What is a Punnett diagram and what does it have to do with dominance, recessiveness, etc.?

4. What are the definitions of the following terms associated with Mendelian genetics and how are they used to interpret problems of inheritance?

a. P1 generation

b. F1, F2, etc.

• c. monohybrid

  d. alleles

  e. dihybrid

  f. dominant

  g. recessive

  h. homozygous

  i. heterozygous

  j. genotype

  k. phenotype

  l. gamete

  m. meiosis

  n. crossing over

  o. pedigree

  p. testcross

  q. phenotypic ratio

  r. genotypic ratio

  s. 3:1 ratio

  t. 9:3:3:1 ratio

  u. haploid

  v. diploid

  w. Punnett Square

5. What are Mendel's Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment?

6. How does a backcoss or testcross work and when it is used by breeders?

7. What is a karyotype ?

8. What are the causes and symptoms of the following genetic disorders?

a. Down syndrome

b. sickle cell anemia

c. Huntington disease

• d. cystic fibrosis

  e. albinism

  f. colorblindness

  g. hemophilia

9. How is skin color in humans related to polygenic inheritance?

10. What is the diploid and haploid chromosome number in humans?

11. What are the fundamentals of X-linked inheritance?

12. How do you do the following Mendelian crosses and what would be their F1 phenotypic ratios?

a. monohybrid

b. dihybrid

c. monohybrid Incomplete dominance

• d. X-linked

  e. ABO blood types (multiple alleles-codominance)

13. Be able to interpret a Mendelian Problem Set-Pedigree.

---

Chapter 18 Test: Evolution

• What are the current biological models for the origins of biological macromolecules?
  • -Origin of Life Models

• Discuss some of the deatails of Darwin's life that affected his perception and appears to have lead to his development of the concept (theory) of natural selection?
  • -Family

    -Education

    -Travels-Beagle and Galapagos

    -Influence of Thomas Malthus, Charles Lyle and Alfred Wallace.

• What types of evidence support an evolutionary view of life?
  •  -Fossils

    -Genetics

• What are the differences between the Darwin-Wallace Theory of evolution as compared to the Lamarckian notion of the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
  •  -Traits are passed through gametes, not somatic (body) cells.

    -A change in the gene pool (gene frequency ) of a population of organisms.

• How did Lamarck use the giraffe to explain the inheritance of acquired characteristics? What is the difference between genetically inherited traits and inheriting acquired characteristics?.
  •  -Physical changes in the giraffe were acquired through stretching its neck and it then passed this trait on to its offspring.

    -The giraffes longer neck is the result of natural selection. The reproductive success of an organism is based on its ability to survive and successfully reproduce.

• How did the work of Charles Lyell change the notion that the earth was 6,000 years old?
  •  -Uniformitarianism

    -The earth is extremely old . The processes of geology has slowly and gradually changed the landscape over a long period of time.

• What does it mean when evolution is defined as a genetic change in the makeup of a population?
  • -An inherited variation (genotype producing a different phenotype) becoming common in the gene pool of the breeding organisms.
• How did Darwin incorporate the Uniformitarianism ideas of Hutton and Lyle into his theory of evolution?
  •  -Darwin used the concept of slow and gradual change to explain how species would change over a period of time.
• How do different environments appear to influence an inherited trait?
  •  -Each organism is born into an environment with a specific set of physical conditions. Darwin said that the organism's genotype is "tested" (natural selection) by environmental conditions.
• How does the fossil record support the theory of evolution.
  •  -Demonstrating change over a period of time. Showing relationships and differences between organisms.

• What is the role of natural selection in the process of evolution?
  •  -Culling through (selecting) organisms using environmental processes. The reproductively successful organisms pass on their genotype and phenotype after their death.
• How are heredity and natural selection involved in the process of evolution?
  •  -Because evolution is a change in the gene pool, genes must be passed from generation to generation for evolution to occur.

1. Be aware of the importance of vocabulary throughout the test. All of the questions will use specific terms that were used in the areas that have been studied this semester. Terms describing osmosis, evolution, biochemistry, genetics, mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle, cell structure and function, environment, etc. Be sure to review your notes, and text, to refresh your memory as to the definition and contextual usage of each of the terms from each of the areas covered.

2. Be able to interpret data presented to you in scenario form containing text, drawings, graphs or charts.

Example:

-Identifying the parts of things.

-Charts that contain specific information about some function of a living thing that requires interpreting.

-Using graphics (pictures) to describe a function that is to be identified.

-The effect of osmosis on a cell being placed in varying concentrations of salt solutions.

3. Be able to analyze scientific data presented in various forms and draw conclusions from the results.

Example:

Scenario describing the location of ocean organisms in the water column and their relationship to one another. What are autrophs and heterotrophs?

Autotrophs	Heterotrophs
plants	mushrooms

4. Be able to identify conditions necessary to run a controlled experiment.

5. Be able to answer questions about the use of a microscope. Specifically, the field and inversion.

6. Be able to solve several problems that involve hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic osmotic situations and gradient movement.

7. Be able to solve problems that involve the use of natural selection in understanding how organisms evolve.

Example:

The changes in the structure of the foot in a population of birds.

Natural selection was Darwin's contribution to biology.

• Explore the Theory of Evolution
• A History of Evolutionary Theory
• Evolution and Adaptation

8. Be able to identify the major differences between prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (plants and animals). Know the names of the cell structures (mitochondria, ER, etc.) and their functions.

Example:

a. mitochondria-What is the reason that the number of mitochondria vary from one cell to another? Cellular respiration takes place and energy (ATP) is produced here.

• a. Respiration occurs in the mitochondria and the process starts in the cells cytoplasm and specifically uses glucose.

  b. Oxygen is important for the breakdown of glucose for energy.

  • C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ ---------> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

  c. Oxygen is a waste product in the process of photosynthesis.

  • 6CO₂ + 6H₂O ---------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

  d. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration.

  • Mitochondria
  • Glycolysis
  • Respiration

b. Chromosomes-determines heredity

c. Chloroplasts-photosynthesis occurs at these organelles

• Chloroplast
• Photosynthesis

d. Ribosomes-where proteins are made

• Role of the ribosome
• Ribosome-Structure and Function

e. Vacuole-where various substances are stored

f. The number of cells produced with a divisions occuring every 20 minutes.

g. The heirarchy of cells to organisms:

cells - tssues - organs - organ systems - organisms

 

h. How do these organelles function together in cellular processes?

• Basic Cell Biology

i. What factors limit cell size?

• How big..?
• Why Most Cells are Small

 9. Be able to identify the stages and what happens at each phase of MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, and the CELL CYCLE.

Example:

Inter, Pro(chromosomes appear), Meta, Ana, Telo

Pro I (crossing over)-Pro II, etc.

M phase,G1,G2,S phase (replication)

10. Be able to relate the production of energy in living things to a molecule of ATP.

11. Be able to describe and identify the characteristics of an enzyme and its operational parameters.

Example:

Temp.

pH

Concentration

12. Be able to identify the structural formulas of the amino acids and their function in proteins.

13. Be able to identify the the main biochemical monomers and polymers (carbs, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids). Identify the names and structures of the bonds that hold polymers together (glycosidic, peptide, etc.).

14. Be able to describe the structure and function of the DNA, mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA and the processes of transcription and translation.

Examples:

a. Being able to complement a segment of DNA into RNA.

b. Ribosomes are used to synthesize a protein.

c. Rules of complementarity

• A - T
• C - G
• A - U

d. The components of a DNA or RNA nucleotide

DNA

Sugar-deoxyribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen base

RNA

Sugar-ribose

Phosphate

Nitrogen base

e. What is recombinant DNA, genetic engineering and clones?

15. Be able to identify the significance of Darwin's theory concerning the evolution of life on earth.

16. Be able to identify the processes of respiration and photosynthesis. Be able to identify the reactants and products of both processes and the organelles in which they occur.

Examples:

a. Respiration occurs in the mitochondria and the process starts in the cells cytoplasm and specifically uses glucose.

b. Oxygen is important for the breakdown of glucose for energy.

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ ---------> CO₂ + H₂O

c. Oxygen is a waste product in the process of photosynthesis.

CO₂ + H₂O ---------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

d. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration.

e. Autotrophs and heterotrophs

17. Be able to use Mendelian terms to identify the characteristics of specific phenotypes and genotypes (homozygous, recessive, etc.). Be able to do specific genetic problems involving monohybrid dominant-recessive crosses, monhybrid codominant crosses, dihybrid crosses, carrier crosses, and sex-linked crosses.

• Mendelian Genetics concepts and Animations 1 through 14
  • a. What are the genotypes of males and females?
    • Males XY
    • Females XX

    b. What do the following terms mean and how are they used in genetics problems?

    • genotype-the types of genes an organism contains
      • (T-tall, t-short)
    • phenotype-the physical appearance of an organism as the result of the genotype.
      • (T genotype-tall phenotype t short phenotype)

    c. What is the genetic disease sickle-cell anemia and how is it inherited?

    d. What is Down's Syndrome? What is trisomy of chromosome 21?

18. Be able to relate the operation of the ecosystem to biospheres, communities, producers, consumers, food chains, and food webs.

Examples:

a. What is the major function of decomposers in the environment? What is the major function of producers in the environment?

b. Be able to use a food web to determine the interrelationships between organisms in the environment.

c. Which organism in the environment is the basis of the food supply on earth?

d. What is the heirarchy of the ecosystem?

population - biome - ecosystem - biosphere

e. What is an example of a food chain?

grain - chicken - man

f. What is the heirarchy of energy producers and consumers in the environment?

producers - plants

primary consumers - herbivores

secondary consumers - carnivores

decomposers - bacteria

19. BCR-The affects of salt water on a freshwater plant.

20. Be able to create a simple line graph using data from frog experiments.